These impedance values thus determined can. 6. The K values for the various transmission lines are also copied from his Transmission Line Details windows. The objective of this paper is to present techniques to estimate the zero-sequence line impedance of all sections of a three-terminal line and the Thevenin equivalent impedance of the transmission. Delta Impedance, Ra (Ohms) =. L to the beginning of the transmission line, so that we can replace the transmission line with its input impedance Z in : Note by voltage division we can determine: ()in g g in Z V zV ZZ =− = + A And from Ohm’s Law we conclude: ()g g in V Iz ZZ =− = + A And thus, the power P in delivered to Z in (and thus the power P abs delivered to the. HF Antenna Trimming Chart. While Z 1L is directly input into the relay as a setting, Z 0L is. Models have been created to approximate the characteristics of the wire microstrip transmission line. This calculator will help you calculate the guided wavelength, provided the dimensions of the microstrip are given as well as the velocity of propagation, the microstrip material's dielectric constant, and the input frequency. The units are miles when using English system, or kilometers when using the Metric (SI) system. dBm to Watt converter Stripline Impedance calculator Microstrip line impedance Antenna G/T Noise temp. For now let us focus on the single ended impedance. 4 j Plot this at point z1. A quarter long wavelength transmission line—also called a quarter-wave transformer—connected to the load is used for real load impedance matching. microstrip width and impedance. The capacitor will have its own input impedance value (Z inC ), which depends on the input impedance of transmission line #2 and the load impedance. A λ /4 line is, in effect, a transformer, and in fact is often referred to as a quarter-wave transformer. At a distance x into the line, there is current phasor I(x) traveling through each wire, and there is a voltage difference phasor V(x) between the wires (bottom voltage minus top voltage). For better impedance control, use PCB design software you can trust. 19. Enter the εr of the PCB: Enter the width of the track: mm. matches the transmitter (or transmission line, if it’s placed at the antenna) and the output impedance matches the load. In this example, we consider a device. substitute the values in the above formula. A BASE = Base Amps. Impedance calculation Even and Odd Mode Impedance. This calculator assumes the distance between the two reference planes to be an equal distance. We define the characteristic impedance of a transmission line as the ratio of the voltage to the current amplitude of the forward wave as shown in Equation 6, or the ratio of the voltage to the current amplitude of the reflected wave as shown in Equation 7 . 2, and Section 2. This ability is not common among other calculators. The amplitude of the peak can be controlled by changing the value of the odd-mode impedance. Note that Zin(l) is periodic in l. 4) 2. 2. 1 to 100 MHz or 1 to 1000 MHz. In the limit of a very long transmission line (such as when the line length is many multiples of the wavelength), then the tanh function eventually converges to 1. This free online interactive Smith chart tool is a calculator which can help you design matching networks and obtain maximum power transfer between your source and load. The input impedance seen at the other end will be a tangential function of the coil’s electrical length. • HFSS will always calculate Zpi. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. e. One of the features of this type of microstrip is the coupling between lines. The input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to the input current and is given by equation 3. The normalized input impedance for that transmission line is read from the Smith Chart to be 1 - j0. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough. rlgc_params = s2rlgc(___,z0) transforms multi-port S-parameter data into a frequency-domain representation of an RLGC transmission line using a characteristic impedance of z0. This calculator is designed to help calculate the value of the resistors R1 and R2 to be used in T-pad attenuator. 5. A PCB transmission line is a type of interconnection used for moving signals from the transmitters to the receivers on a circuit board. Incorrect line impedance values in transmission line models can lead to inadequate relay settings that can potentially lead to distance element misoperations. Setting the argument of the cos function to a constant is like picking a point on the wave and riding on it. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. Use the "Spin Buttons" to adjust the values in the box. Models have been created to approximate the characteristics of the wire microstrip transmission line. Satellite Look Angle Calculator. Z. In other words, the line impedance at the end of the transmission line (i. 6 A, respectively, determine the power factor of the delta system. Impedance Base: The impedance base in Ohms. A quarter wave transformer is used to match two transmission lines with different impedances. Coax Impedance (Transmission Line) Calculator. Calculates the. If you put 10 in the Line Width, the calculator calculates the single ended as well as differential impedance. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. Following formula can be derived for the characteristic impedance of a parallel wire transmission line: 1 (1) The characteristic impedance of free space is exactly: (2) where: c. The characteristic impedance (Z o) of a microstrip transmission line can be calculated using the active calculator or the formulas at the bottom of the page. L1 Z1, τ1 L1 = Z1τ1The source for formulas used in this calculator (except where otherwise noted) is the Design Guide for Electronic Packaging Utilizing High-Speed Techniques (4th Working Draft, IPC-2251, February 2001. To use the calculator, place values in either the velocity of propagation field or the dielectric constant field. 42 and later, which calculates all three symmetrical components (zero, positive, and negative sequence values) of the line impedance. Line Length Units: The line length units specify the measurement system to use when entering the line length. It is only equal to double the characteristic impedance in certain cases. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. How much power does the generator deliver? Answer: The diagram for this problem is given in the following diagram:Coaxial Cable Impedance Calculator. Effective Dielectric Constant ( εeff ):2. Inputs. This article offers an introduction to the Smith chart and how it’s used to make transmission-line calculations and fundamental impedance-matching circuits. 1 of the Microstrip Calculator using H2 in place of h, εr,eff can be computed as specified in Eq. b. The equations that are used to calculate stripline impedance are simple, but there is a large number of terms, which includes a. Enter values for W and L for a microstrip line to determine its Zo and Electrical Length. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. e. In other words, if the load impedance is equal to the transmission line characteristic impedance, the input impedance will be likewise be equal to Z 0 regardless of the transmission line length A. It's also explained on our DK and DF Extraction page. When you want to determine the width and length of a microstrip line for any given characteristic impedance and electrical length, or vice versa, a microstrip calculator is the right tool to do so. The Sierra Circuits Impedance Calculator uses the 2D numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations for PCB transmission lines. If you look through search engine results, you’ll find plenty of links to calculators that can help you properly match the antenna tuner load impedance with. Coplanar waveguide transmission line calculators (CPW, GCPW) I’ve just emerged from a rabbit hole & thought I’d share what I learned regarding available impedance calculators for coplanar waveguide (CPW) and coplanar waveguide w/GND (GCPW). Since the argument of the complex exponential factors is 2βl, the frequency at. If the ground plane is treated as a universal ground, then the model of a segment of length Δz is as shown in Figure 2. This situation can be expressed by the following equation:The impedance of a trace is calculated based on the placement of plane and signal layers in the PCB stackup. In some cases, users require a custom impedance value. Inductor Q Factor. I tried to use the tool “PCB calculator” to determine the size of mi USB tracks. The Excel based tool (see link below) calculates the capacitance and inductance per unit length as well as the impedance of a transmission line. First, calculating the line impedance: taking the 75 Ω we desire the source to “see” at the source-end of the transmission line, and multiplying by the 300 Ω load resistance, we. The radius of the circle is the reflection coefficient G , where the radius to the edge is 1. • HFSS computes the characteristic impedance of each port in three ways — as Zpi, Zpv, and Zvi impedances. This. These are considered to be standardized impedance values with cables readily available. On the other hand, in speaker wire, the insulation is usually quite soft, and a small amount (<1 mm) of incidental squishing of the cable will quite significantly change the distance between the conductors, and thus the impedance. Press Analyze to see the results. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. The nice part about coax is that it can be bent and flexible unlike most pcb transmission lines. This has led to the development of a special radio-frequency transmission-line calculator for solving many ordinary transmission-line problems. A transmission ripple of 0. The equations that are used to calculate stripline impedance are simple, but there is a large number of terms, which includes a requirement to calculate. The coax is a good way to create a transmission line. The Coaxial Line Impedance (Z0) Calculator is a valuable tool for engineers working with RF and telecommunications systems. The Smith chart is a graphical RF design tool developed that allows us to easily calculate the components of the impedance matching network required to transform a given impedance to another one. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. Figure 1: Transmission Line connects generator and the load. With hundreds of coaxial RF cables in-stock and ready to ship worldwide immediately, our coax capacitance calculator lets you calculate the impedance of a coax by allowing you to enter the outer diameter dielectric width and inner conductor diameter. This type of transmission line is frequently encountered as a feed line on antenna booms, especially with log-periodic dipole arrays. The Coplanar Transmission Line Calculator is a valuable tool used in electrical engineering to determine the characteristic impedance of a specific transmission line. Type C Pulse Forming Network. Structure of micro microstrip transmission line. Visitors to the DesignCon® 2011 exhibition (Santa Clara Convention Center, Santa Clara, CA, February. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. The transmission line input impedance is related to the load impedance and the length of the line, and S11 also depends on the input impedance of the transmission line. Online VHF UHF. This technique doesn’t work for wide band requirements, but is a simple way to achieve this at a specific. This calculator helps you calculate the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable given its dimensions. These values are computed as distributed (per. The impedance Zo of a two-conductor transmission line, as well as the odd-mode, even-mode, differential. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a symmetric stripline - a flat conductor between two ground planes whose distance between the conductor and the planes is the same for both reference planes. 0-4ˇ% /. ATLC cannot calculate Zo for conductors in an unbounded space, so the conductors must be contained within a grounded bounding surface. These equations are rather complex, comprising a set of 67 interrelated equations and parameters, which includes a requirement to calculate elliptical integrals to solve these equations. There is also a dielectric material placed above the conductor. Height: Height of the substrate. This transmission line impedance value is important in impedance matching and can be used to quantify when a transmission line has surpassed the critical length; take a look at the linked article to see how you can quantify permissible impedance mismatch. This calculator is particularly useful in designing and analyzing coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines used in high-frequency applications. The concept is illustrated in Figure 3. Equations used to make these calculations can be found in the book [1], and are also. Simulation Setup. When in doubt, use 1 for copper, . What is Microstrip Impedance? See full list on hamwaves. Target Impedance (Z0) Trace Thickness (t) mils. e. Understanding coax can be helpful when working with it. Most RF Coaxial Cables have an impedance of 50 ohms or 75 ohms. The user only needs to enter the attenuation in decibels (dB) and the given characteristic impedance of the transmission lines to be matched. Thus, the TDR method is use-ful for measuring Z 0 and changes in Z 0 of a transmission line. W W = trace width. These parameters include: Characteristic impedance (Z 0): The online calculator can compute the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, which is the ratio of voltage to current in a. Where, Γ = Reflection coefficient. Next, substitute the values into the formula: Z0 = sqrt ( (R + jwL) / (G + jwC)). Series resistance accounts for ohmic ðI2RÞ line losses. Assume microstrip line for which propagation occurs with. The options are English system or Metric (SI) system. MICROSTRIP WIDTH CALCULATOR. “The Surface Microstrip Impedance Equation”. An embedded microstrip is a microstrip transmission line or flat conductor separated from the ground place via a dielectric material. Z. Include both the pcb dielectric thickness as well as the wire insulation in the height calculation. It supports both balanced and unbalanced lines. Moreover, this tool can. With our handy calculator, you can choose from 50 Ohm, 75 Ohm, 93 Ohm and 95 Ohm coaxial cables. Multiple dielectric transmission line calculator using a 2D field solver to compute the transmission line characteristics from the circuit trace dimensions entered by the user. Compared to waveguides, microstrip is generally has a lower power handling capacity, and higher losses due to the fact that it is not enclosed. Use the Online Microwave Impedance Calculator now. The rules shown below are a rough approximation, and you should always check the approximation using an impedance calculator or field solver. 1. of EECS Æ Either way, the “box” can be fully characterized by its impedance matrix! First, note that each transmission line has a specific location that effectively defines the input to the device (i. Calculates the resistance, inductance and capacitance per unit length of common low-loss transmission line configurations. Z0,air Z 0, a i r = characteristic impedance of air. Microstrip Transmission Line Calculator Using IPC-2141 Equation. Transmission Line Details by Dan AC6LA. Antenna Modelling with Numerical Electromagnetic Code. Access technical papers, white papers, calculators, tools and more for circuit laminates, prepreg and bonding materials. 6 Comparison of Transmission Line Impedance Transformers. Just about any signal in a high-speed design can behave like a transmission line, including data, memory, clocks, controls, and any other nets in the design. The Pi match circuit is so named because the circuit topology can resemble a pi symbol. 66, the trace height is 1. Great tool. If the calculator does not provide velocity (or velocity factor), it's probably because you can use e_eff instead. Assuming both are accurate enough. This is a required field. Incorrect line impedance values in transmission line models can lead to inadequate relay settings that can potentially lead to distance element misoperations. Actual Impedance and Current Limits. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. As these additional effects are included in a transmission line model, the resulting impedance equations become very complex. Copper is a suitable material for flat conductors. Adding shunt inductance moves clockwise along constant admittance circles. With a normalizing impedance of Z 0 = 50 Ω, we locate the normalized impedances z L and z S. 0. 1 3. 4: Lumped-Element Model. Online calculators will generally use Wadell's equations to determine the transmission line impedance numerically. These values are computed as distributed (per. By defining an Integration Line for each mode, the voltage can be computed. A transmission line should have a uniform characteristic impedance to avoid signal reflections. λ denotes the signal’s wavelength (in meters). Note. This tool calculates the matching network necessary to terminate a line of the specified characteristic impedence (Z o) in a specific complex load impedence (R L + jX L) at a specified frequency. The even mode impedance is simply the impedance of a single line when the two lines are driven in. It’s particularly useful for determining the characteristic impedance (Z0), resistance per unit length (R), angular frequency (ω), inductance per unit length (L), conductance per unit length (G), and capacitance per unit length (C). Coverage. To use this tool, enter the values for. The nice part about coax is that it can be bent and flexible unlike most pcb transmission lines. The wires exhibit considerable series inductance whose reactance is. The calculator shown below uses Wadell’s equations for differential impedance, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. Rogers Advanced Connectivity Solutions (ACS) has introduced an updated design program that is free to download called the MWI-2017 Microwave Impedance Calculator, a transmission line modeling tool for electronics engineers (setting up an account is required). Then enter the values of the impedances as complex numbers of the form a + bj a + b j, where the. You can easily construct your own transmission lines with a. Users need only specify the material. As was mentioned earlier, this is the dielectric loss in units of dB per unit length in a transmission line: Where: G = Conductance pul of the dielectric material. 78, and operating at a frequency of 7. Antenna Modelling with Numerical Electromagnetic Code. Use the Series. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an embedded microstrip - a flat conductor suspended over a ground plane with a dielectric between it and another dielectric material above the conductor (see diagram below). The development of the expressions for L and R is more involved, as there will be current in the interior of the inner conductor. Transmission line characteristic impedance. A Clemson ECE635 Project by Adam Schreiber and Jason Byers. If you leave the relative permittivity Er blank, a default line dimension will be used, and the characteristic impedance is calculated after selecting the Z0 button. Z. Frequency span ±. A calculator for computing the inductance of a coaxial cable. Calculate the Transmission Line impedance Z0 for a large variety of mechanical structures. 15. In terms of the characteristic impedance. Z PU GIVEN = Given Per Unit Impedance. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. THESE FORMULAS ARE APPROXIMATIONS! They should not be used when a high degree of accuracy is required. The Differential microstrip impedance calculator is used to compute the differential (Zd) and single-ended impedance (Zo) of an edge-coupled microstrip line just by entering the width, separation and thickness of the. Unit length of inductance L & unit length of capacitance C are the key elements of this calculation. Transmission-Line Calculator. Analyze. The characteristic impedance can be given by the following equation, where Z 0 is the characteristic impedance and R 0 and G 0 are the resistance and shunt conductance per unit length of the transmission. Once the dialog is open a segment to use for the impedance calculation can be defined by either: Selecting it in the dialog opened by "Segment List". AS9100D – Military & Aerospace; IPC-A-600 Inspectors;Again, we will look at a transmission line circuit in Figure 1 to find the input impedance on a transmission line. In addition to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, the tool also calculates: Transmission-Line Calculator. 23. Z = Impedance of circuit element (i. 1, makes the argument that a circuit with resistors, inductors, and capacitors is a good model for a transmission line. Transform a Complex Impedance Through a Transmission Line Start with an impedance Z i = 27 + 20j ohms The normalized impedance for a 50 ohm line is z i = 0. Draw a circle through this point around the center. With hundreds of coaxial RF cables in-stock and ready to ship worldwide immediately, our coax capacitance calculator lets you calculate the impedance of a coax by allowing you to enter the outer diameter dielectric width and inner conductor diameter. The circuit schematic for the Type C Pulse Forming Network is shown below. L L ZjX= If the load is purely reactive (i. Building Open-Wire Lines If this were 1931, we would receive the following advice on building parallel transmission line: "An impedance of 600 ohms is both convenient and standard, however, and is entirely satisfactory for amateur systems. 4: Microstrip Transmission Lines. Enter the values of trace width (w), trace thickness. . 3) Matched Line, L = Z C (1. e. In this ideal scenario, no power is lost, and the VSWR value is 1 : 1, which signifies 100% transmission of the input power from the source. The amplitude of this crosstalk is what this tool calculates. This is entirely different from leakage resistance of the dielectric separating the two conductors, and the metallic resistance of the wires themselves. The result also depends on the length and phase propagation constant of the line. ˇ4628˚%˚,ˇ72. 2. Home; Services. Then the transverse field is dominant and the fields are called quasi-TEM. The load reflection coefficient, in either model, can be obtained directly from the knowledge of the load and the characteristic impedance of the line as (1. Common Mode Impedance (Zc) is the impedance when signals travel in-phase. Microstrip Characteristic Impedance Calculator Using a Formula by Brian C Wadell Used for calculating the Zo of PCB transmission lines, showing the formula used. Kenneth L. The green boxes turn red if the numbers are outside the range for reliable calculation. The characteristic impedance (Z 0) of a transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line. Between a transmission line and a via structure with different impedance; Between a transmission line and some other RF structure with different impedance; Between a transmission line and a load component with different impedance; While there is not enough room to cover every taper design situation listed above, I’ll do my best to. 5. The calculator below uses Wadell’s equations to determine the differential impedance of symmetric striplines, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. The complete development of transmission line theory is presented in Section 2. When load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the wave, there is no reflection on the transmission line. There are some advantages to using a. m. This parameter is used for the loss calculations. Characteristic impedance. This calculator is a tool for designing balanced transmission lines with a specific desired characteristic impedance Zc and made of parallel square stock conductors of a given side length d. The calculated values are displayed in the Transmission Line section of the Properties panel, when the Impedance tab is selected in the Layer Stack Manager, as shown below. 3 Impedance calculation. The equations for the voltage and current anywhere (any z) on a transmission line are. Consider a voltage source, with generator impedance Zg, hooked to an antenna with impedance ZA via a transmission line. Per-unit-length parameters are "per meter" if the inner conductor units are cm or mm. Antenna Element Calculator. Without repeating everything in that article, the input impedance depends on the characteristic impedance, propagation constant, load impedance, and length of the. Verified with Agilent LineCalc and Agilent Momentum. Simpler calculators will use the less-accurate IPC-2141 equations. A BASE = Base Amps. 0 of the transmission line and the impedance of the TDR. 3. PowerWorld Transmission Line Parameter Calculator v. The characteristic impedance of a mode supported by a stripline can be calculated using the built-in “Power and impedance integration” tool in MODE FDE solver. Delta Impedance, Rb (Ohms) =. INPUT DATA. where Z 0,surf can be computed as specified in Eq. Choose the connection type. RF Two Wire Transmission Line Loss Calculator. 16. L L ZjX= If the load is purely reactive (i. g. A common method for calculating theTransmission line calculators. These are considered to be standardized impedance values with cables readily available. Height: Height of the substrate. It is widely accepted that the most accurate impedance calculations are produced with a 3D field solver due to the complex geometry in any PCB. A twisted-pair cable is simply two wires that are twisted together so as to reduce radiated EMI (electromagnetic interference) and mitigate the effects of received EMI. ECE145A/ECE218A Impedance Matching Notes set #5 Page 13 Basis for distributed matching using transmission line segments: the equivalent circuit model of a short transmission line. m. z0_f = getZ0 (txline,freq) returns the characteristic impedance with dispersion for a transmission line at the specified frequency. Sierra Circuits’ Transmission Line Reflection Calculator. 1 is the input impedance of a lossless transmission line having characteristic impedance Z0 and which is terminated into a load ZL. e. In this example, the impedance a coplanar conductor-backed waveguide is calculated using the FDE solver’s Power and Impedance Integration tool, and the result is compared with the approximate analytic result from an online impedance calculator [1]. A stripline is a type of transmission line consisting of a conductor sandwiched between two dielectric layers. Calculate S-Parameters and Group Delay of Equation-Based Transmission Line. Description. The calculator below uses Wadell’s equations to determine the differential impedance of symmetric striplines, which can be found in the seminal textbook Transmission Line Design Handbook. 6 A. An online transmission line calculator is a web-based tool that allows users to calculate various parameters associated with transmission lines. Characteristic Impedance Ω. The following steps outline how to calculate the characteristic impedance (Z0) for a Transmission Line using the given formula: First, determine the values of R, w, L, G, and C. Return to the top. This calculator is a tool for designing balanced transmission lines with a specific desired characteristic impedance 𝑍c Z c and made of parallel square stock conductors of a given side length 𝑑 d. 1. Wave Equations for Transmission Line Impedance and Shunt Admittance of the line . By moving the wires closer together and making them a twisted pair, does the impedance increase, decrease or stay the same? The transmission line impedance of the wires decreases. The tool provides two networks that will have the desired impedence at that frequency, but their. Mismatch can be specified as:The transmission line parameter calculator is a tool designated to compute characteristic line parameters give the type of the conductor and the configuration of a three-phase overhead transmission line. A quarter wave section is equal to 75000/KHz times VF. This calculator uses JavaScript and will function in most modern browsers. Go to the calculator section. In this section the four main impedance transformers are compared: the linear taper, the Klopfenstein taper, the quarter-wave transformer and the two-section quarter-wave transformer. 1 is the input impedance of a lossless transmission line having characteristic impedance Z0 and which is terminated into a load ZL. Our capacitive reactance calculator helps you determine the impedance of a capacitor if its capacitance value (C) and the frequency of the signal passing through it (f) are given. Overview. Integrated Transmission Line Impedance Calculators. A. Of course, this only occurs at resonant points resulting in a standing wave of 1/4 cycle (the line's fundamental, resonant frequency) or some odd multiple (3/4, 5/4, 7/4, 9/4 . H 1 H 1 = subtrate height 1. 26 (p. , the resistive component is zero), the input impedance is: Z 0,β A ZL=Z0 in 0 ZZ=Transmission lines Transmission line concepts and an online transmission line calculator by Owen Duffy, VK1OD. To use this calculator, simply input your microstrip geometry and Dk value, and the tool will return the differential impedance value for a pair of microstrip traces. It is composed of two conductors: a signal trace and a return path which is usually a ground plane. Where: Z0 Z 0 = characteristic impedance of the asymmetric stripline in ohms (Ω). Chemandy on the other hand tells me 14. These transformers are lengths of nonuniform transmission line with a. As also noted in the picture, the subsequent calculations are on the: [2] top-layer single-end impedance; [3] top-layer differential impedance; [4] inner-layer differential impedance. It is also known as natural loading as it is the power loading at which reactive power is neither produced nor absorbed. 4. Simons, "Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems", Wiley. The Er (relative permittivity) is set as a common factor for all the possible mechanical designs and calculations. Microstrip has conductors embedded in two dielectric mediums and cannot support a pure TEM mode. This transmission line calculator calculates the impedance at input and attenuation of a given transmission line once terminated with the given load. A tool for calculating the impedance of a coaxial cable given its dimensions. The calculator uses the formula: L =20log10 ( λ 4 πd )+10log10 ( (4 π )2 Gt Gr )+Line Loss. Important line parameters are its series impedance (resistance (R) and reactance (X)) and shunt capacitance (C). Call us: +1 (800) 763-7503 Email us: through our Customer Care form. ) X C = Capacitor Bank Impedance (ohms) X C-PU = Capacitor Bank Per Unit Impedance. 0. Lossy Transmission Line Impedance Using the same methods to calculate the impedance for the low-loss line, we arrive at the following line voltage/current v(z) = v+e z(1+ˆ Le 2 z) = v+e z(1+ˆ L(z)) i(z) = v+ Z0 e z(1 ˆ L(z)) Where ˆL(z) is the complex reflection coefficient at position z and the load reflection coefficient is unaltered. In this section, zo is calculated for four common transmission lines — coaxial, twin-lead, parallel plate, and microstrip. The parameters computed are the resistance R, reactance X, susceptance B, and conductance G. It has specific width and thickness. 2.